|
The Easter Rising ((アイルランド語:Éirí Amach na Cásca)),〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Department of the Taoiseach – Easter Rising )〕 also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in World War I. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1798.〔"Soldiers are we" by Charles Townshend, ''History Today'', 1 April 2006〕 Organised by seven members of the Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood,〔(''Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916'' ) Francis X. Martin 1967 p105〕 the Rising began on Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, and lasted for six days. Members of the Irish Volunteers — led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly, along with 200 members of Cumann na mBan — seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. There were actions in other parts of Ireland: however, except for the attack on the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks at Ashbourne, County Meath, they were minor. With vastly superior numbers and artillery, the British army quickly suppressed the Rising, and Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 29 April. Most of the leaders were executed following courts-martial, but the Rising succeeded in bringing physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics. Support for republicanism continued to rise in Ireland in the context of the ongoing war in Europe and the Middle East and revolutions in other countries, and especially as a result of the Conscription Crisis of 1918 and the failure of the British-sponsored Irish Convention. In December 1918, republicans (by then represented by the Sinn Féin party) won 73 Irish seats out of 105 in the 1918 General Election to the British Parliament, on a policy of abstentionism and Irish independence. On 21 January 1919 they convened the First Dáil and declared the independence of the Irish Republic, and later that same day the Irish War of Independence began with the Soloheadbeg ambush. ==Background== The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, abolishing the Irish Parliament and giving Ireland representation at Westminster. From early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union as they saw it as an exploitation and impoverishment of their country.〔MacDonagh, Oliver, ''Ireland: The Union and its aftermath'', George Allen & Unwin, 1977, ISBN 0-04-941004-0, pp. 14–17〕 Opposition took various forms: constitutional (the Repeal Association; the Home Rule League), social (disestablishment of the Church of Ireland; the Land League) and revolutionary (Rebellion of 1848; Fenian Rising).〔Mansergh, Nicholas, ''The Irish Question 1840–1921'', George Allen & Unwin, 1978, ISBN 0-04-901022-0 p. 244〕 Constitutional nationalism seemed to be about to bear fruit when the Irish Parliamentary Party under Charles Stewart Parnell succeeded in having the First Home Rule Bill of 1886 introduced by the Liberal government of William Ewart Gladstone, but it was defeated in the House of Commons. The Second Home Rule Bill of 1893 was passed by the Commons but rejected by the House of Lords. After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics and turned toward more extreme forms of separatism. The Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W. B. Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory, together with the new political thinking of Arthur Griffith expressed in his newspaper ''Sinn Féin'' and the organisations the ''National Council'' and the ''Sinn Féin League'' led to the identification of Irish people with the concept of a Gaelic nation and culture, completely independent of Britain.〔MacDonagh, Oliver, ''Ireland: The Union and its aftermath'', pp. 72–74〕〔Feeney, Brian, ''Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years'', O'Brien Press, 2002, ISBN 0-86278-695-9 p. 22〕 This was sometimes referred to by the generic term ''Sinn Féin''.〔Feeney, Brian, ''Sinn Féin: A Hundred Turbulent Years'', p. 37〕 The Third Home Rule Bill was introduced by British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith in 1912. The Irish Unionists, led by Sir Edward Carson, opposed home rule in what they saw as an impending Roman Catholic-dominated Dublin government. They formed the Ulster Volunteer Force on 13 January 1913, creating the first armed group of the Home Rule Crisis. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) saw an opportunity to create an armed organisation to advance its own ends, and on 25 November 1913 the Irish Volunteers, whose stated object was "to secure and to maintain the rights and liberties common to all the people of Ireland", was formed. Its leader was Eoin MacNeill, who was not an IRB member.〔Foy and Barton, ''The Easter Rising'', pp. 7–8〕 A Provisional Committee was formed that included people with a wide range of political views, and the Volunteers' ranks were open to "all able-bodied Irishmen without distinction of creed, politics or social group."〔Macardle, ''The Irish Republic'', pp. 90–92〕 Another militant group, the Irish Citizen Army, was formed by trade unionists as a result of the Dublin Lock-out of that year.〔Townshend, Easter 1916, p. 49〕 The increasing militarisation of Irish politics was overshadowed soon after by the outbreak of the First World War〔Townshend, Easter 1916, pp. 59–60〕 — and Ireland's involvement in the conflict. Though many Irishmen had volunteered for Irish regiments and divisions of the New British Army at the outbreak of war in 1914,〔(BBC - ''The forgotten soldiers'' (Article highlighting pre- and post-war attitudes to participation of Irish in Great War) )〕 the growing likelihood of enforced conscription created a backlash. Opposition to the war was based particularly on the implementation of the Government of Ireland Act 1914 (as previously recommended in March by the Irish Convention) increasingly and controversially linked with a "dual policy" enactment of the Military Service Bill, a dual policy that would require Irish conscription to begin if there would be any hope of Ireland seeing the implementation of the Government of Ireland Act 1914.〔Dave Hennessy (2004). ''The Hay Plan & Conscription In Ireland During WW1'', p.5 ()〕 The linking of conscription and Home Rule outraged the Irish secessionist parties at Westminster, including the IPP, the AFIL and others, who walked out in protest and returned to Ireland to organise opposition. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Easter Rising」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|